Moral Truth

Moral Truth What is Moral truth? In Sam Harris’ book â€Å"The Moral Landscape†, he clarifies his thoughts on moral truth. He clarifies that ethical truth is so perplexing a result of individual impulse, and social impact. He clarifies his thoughts of good truth through science, objective and emotional, and agreement and awareness. With these thoughts Harris can characterize moral truth to his best capacity, since it is such a troublesome subject to comprehend. In the part on moral truth, Harris clarifies moral truth with the utilization of science.He states in the book â€Å"science can, in Principe, help us comprehend what we ought to do, and should need and, consequently, what others ought to do and need so as to live the most ideal lives. â€Å"In different words, He accepts that like science, there are good and bad responses to moral truth. He at that point clarifies that science should assist us with responding to moral inquiries. His other thought is that scien ce depends on our best speculation of what it is and moral truth is the equivalent. Moral truth is likewise simply our best supposition of what is correct and wrong.Harris is attempting to state that ethical truth, similar to science, can have a system wherein we accept is right, however can generally change. Harris clarifies in the book that the terms â€Å"objective† and â€Å"subjective† are totally different. Target implies that an individual is utilizing to inclination when they are saying something. He utilizes the case of having a ringing in his ear. This is an abstract explanation, be that as it may, is objective since he isn't lying. From this thought of the ringing in the ear, he clarifies this is a way that we can examine depression.We can decide cerebrum states with reference, to person’s abstract musings. At last in the part, he investigates the thoughts of agreement and cognizance. He clarifies that logical accord as logical debate that work should be finished. For instance, â€Å"moral contention demonstrates that there can be nothing of the sort as good truth while moral accord shows just that individuals regularly harbor the equivalent biases† this thought is essentially saying that frequently individuals will think uniquely in contrast to other people and this makes predisposition among people.Harris clarifies that reality has nothing to do with moral agreement, in light of the fact that frequently one individual can be correct, while a group isn't right. Harris at that point proceeds to clarify his thoughts on awareness. He clarifies that individuals have moral truth since they are cognizant animals. His comprehension of a cognizant being is that â€Å"consciousness is just clear area of significant worth. † All taking all things together, Harris accepts that ethical truth is like science since it must be supported up by proof and regularly comprises of taught guesses.He clarifies that objective and emotion al are altogether different, be that as it may; can frequently be utilized in similar ways. At last, agreement and cognizance diagram the premise of good truth, on the grounds that without them moral truth would not exist as indicated by Harris. He accepts that agreement implies that no one but people can have a similar inclination, and awareness shows that lone individuals with cognizance can have moral truth.

Is It Moral for Corporations to Test Cosmetics on Animals Free Essays

Is it moral for enterprises to test beautifying agents on creatures or to utilize creatures for clinical experimentation? Agony is torment, and the significance of forestalling pointless torment and enduring doesn't decrease on the grounds that the being that endures isn't an individual from our own species. (Diminish Singer, Animal Liberation) Human beings†¦.. We will compose a custom paper test on Is It Moral for Corporations to Test Cosmetics on Animals? or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now who right? Is it accurate to say that we are Gods or we are only the highest point of the evolved way of life on Earth? Do we have rights to hurt other nonhuman species? These and numerous different inquiries I have in my mind when I perceive how unfeeling we are here and there to one another and much harsher toward the other nonhuman creatures. By and by, I approach creatures with deference since I believe them to be sensible animals that are in numerous points of view like us, people. I am certain that creatures have feelings; they can feel torment and satisfaction as we do. As should be obvious this isn't sufficient for us to consider them our â€Å"little siblings. † From old occasions, numerous creatures are being utilized for fulfilling human’s various necessities, for example, food, transportation, and materials. These days, individuals use creatures for previously mentioned purposes, yet in addition for beauty care products and clinical investigations. Every one of these analyses certainly cause mischief to creatures. Greater part of human populace accepts that every one of these analyses are the necessary property for all pharmaceutical and makeup organizations. They accept that these practices can keep numerous individuals from enduring by testing all new medication and restorative items on creatures first. As indicated by this I can say that animals’ sufferings brought about by individuals became moral issue for our last ages. In my exposition I will utilize crafted by Peter Singer â€Å"All creatures are Equal,† in light of the fact that his work covers a large portion of the viewpoints that I concur with. The fundamental reason for this exposition is to underline that nonhuman creatures have numerous similitudes with people and they have to have premise rights for life without torment. It implies that individuals must comprehend that all species are equivalent and it is shameless to cause them to endure. There are likenesses between individuals and creatures that can be considered. For this situation, I consider that principle sentiments that are had both by human and by nonhuman creatures are torment and satisfaction. Clearly creatures that encompass us can encounter torment. Simply suppose you kick a canine with your leg, the pooch will groan and most likely will un away humiliated. On the off chance that this pooch would not experience the ill effects of that kick it would do whatever it takes not to keep that torment from happening. Then again, envision a similar canine running towards her lord, turning her tail and going around him, licking his hands, hopping and imparting numero us other positive signs that speak to bliss. By envisioning these two pictures you can undoubtedly comprehend that creatures have fundamental emotions as we do. For certain individuals this may seem like hogwash on the off chance that I state that individuals are equivalent to different species that are occupying our planet. I won't mull over some organic highlights of the creatures. I need to take a gander at this issue from the ethical point of view. Today it is worthy by many created nations around the globe for ladies have equivalent rights with men. We consider this is a correct thing, yet think for a second that basically guys and females are not the equivalent. I mean they have equivalent rights yet not all rights applied for the two people, because of physiological contrasts or different elements. For instance, P. Vocalist referenced in his work that ladies have right to premature birth so as to make them equivalent to men, guys likewise should have a similar right to fetus removal (P. Vocalist, p. 172). Be that as it may, men needn't bother with this privilege since those occasions never happen. As indicated by this model, correspondence doesn't especially imply that people have no different equivalent rights. It implies that they have similar rights in respects with to what they share for all intents and purpose. Concerning makeup and clinical examinations on creatures I can say that it causes creatures to endure. Let’s take clinical analyses of new medications. No one comprehends what will happen when any outer substance is executed on a creature. There are sure prescriptions tried on creatures and that caused the demise of the creatures. For instance, one of the embarrassment cases is the sheep Dolly that kicked the bucket in view of the cloning test. Clearly there is a once in a lifetime opportunity for the creatures to bite the dust after specific tests are performed on them. By the by, individuals despite everything acknowledge the way that a few animal types other than people can legitimately endure so as to perhaps spare some human being’s lives. Be that as it may, creatures that are associated with those investigations will get nothing consequently except for enduring on the grounds that the main motivation behind those tests is to help individuals. Along these lines, in regards to corrective examinations, those creatures languish not over the purpose of sparing some human’s life, however for helping various individuals to look increasingly wonderful. For example, before presenting another restorative item, for example, cleanser to the market an item ought to experience the arrangement of tests, the piece of which is creature trying. Indeed, even this single item can hurt countless creatures. Looking progressively appealing, in my brain, does not merit making torment different species. I need to state, that the quantity of animals’ enduring is more noteworthy than the joy that people get. At the end of the day the level of damage is higher than the level of satisfaction. A few people may state let’s consider the ethical quality that creatures have. The principle head of their lives is to endure. The greater part of them make due by murdering and eating different creatures. Let’s accept lions for instance; they slaughter different creatures to take care of their prides. At the end of the day, they hurt different species to make their own lives thrive. In the event that we can consider this their â€Å"morality†, at that point clinical investigations are the proper activity, since people are the piece of a similar biosphere as lions and different creatures seem to be. Because of these trials numerous existences of the individuals were spared. Without the analyses on creatures it is difficult to arrive at the steady upgrades and advancements in medication. In the event that we talk about uniformity with creatures in this point of view, at that point we are equivalent to them, since we act as per their â€Å"morality. † All these contentions are identified with utilitarianism. Utilitarian hypotheses are managing choice of the activity that will bring about the most extreme useful for the best measure of people (Encyclopedia Britannica). With respect to testing according to utilitarian perspective I can say this isn't right activity. Since it very well may be good just on the off chance that it conveys the best great to most prominent number of people I can compute what number of people are in an ideal situation for this situation. For instance just in France in 2005, 12,117,583 creatures were utilized for clinical investigations (Andrew Knight, p. 651). Considering that this number speaks to the amount of creatures that were utilized by just a solitary nation, I can say that the complete number of creatures utilized for tests in the entire world is a lot more prominent than human populace. Besides, not all individuals got profits by those clinical examinations, however all creatures tried endured or passed on. Discussing the past case of examinations of lions’ ethical quality I need to make reference to that all things considered lions execute not multiple zebras to take care of in excess of ten lions. On premise of this, more prominent great conveyed to more noteworthy number of people. The teacher of Oxford and Warwick colleges and furthermore the previous head of Medical Research Council Colin Blakemore states that numerous irredeemable human infections like Alzheimer’s different scleroses could never be conceivable to immunize without utilizing every single imaginable apparatus. For this situation, exploratory creatures are one of the instruments that are required for the examination of those sicknesses (Colin Blakemore). This case demonstrates that creature testing is one of the principle inquire about qualities. Along these lines, so as to furnish truly sick individuals with quality meds, pharmaceutical organizations need to test new medications on creatures. It is self-evident, that fifty years back it was typical for scientists to utilize creatures for clinical and beautifying agents tests, since they didn't have any other options. It is known, that today’s innovations have highlights that can substitute utilization of creatures. In the event that it is conceivable to utilize different methods than creatures why individuals don't do that? I can't help suspecting that until creature tests are viewed as good by people this training will proceed. Also, there will be a variety of contentions that will bolster the possibility of creature tests. However, the way that we can do clinical examinations in 21st century without tormenting creatures is self-evident. It is indecent to make torment a human by another. The primary explanation behind that will be that human can endure. Everybody in their life experienced torment and comprehend what it is. Along these lines, it became improper thing to hurt others. Besides, every individual has an option to not encounter torment from others. At the end of the day individuals are limited by their privileges and ethical quality from causing others to endure. We are secured by rights and by laws not to be hurt, yet creatures are not ensured by those rights and human ethical quality. In any case, they can endure as we do. For this situation both human and nonhuman creatures experience generally a similar sentiment of agony. Since the agony is the one factor that makes us like creatures, why different species don't have rights to not endure? One reason why creatures don't have some equivalent rights with individuals is presumably in light of the fact that each one of those ideas of equivalent rights were made by people. It becomes clear that human b

Tuition Fees Revealed Average Fees Above £8700

Tuition Fees Revealed Average Fees Above £8700 The OE Blog With the arrival of the Office for Fair Access deadline for the submission of tuition fees, it is finally possible to see a clear overview of the fees situation across English universities. Whilst some wrangling continues over exact estimates and averages, and alterations may be made in accordance with OFFA demands in July, the dust has finally settled and some definite conclusions can finally be drawn. Government Miscalculations The Times Higher Education magazine has worked out from the tuition fees declared so far that the average cost of an undergraduate degree will be £8723.33 per year from 2012, far higher than the government’s estimated £7500, on which plans for financing student loans have been based. Many universities fear that this may result in a “black hole” in state higher education funding, forcing ministers to make still more cuts to university budgets further down the line. Filling The Void Many protesters have asked how on earth the government could have made such a huge mistake in their miscalculations, as universities have clearly shown that charging a minimum of £8000 tuition fees is required simply to replace funds lost through state cuts to their teaching budgets. The further £1000 is necessary to comply with the mandatory extra OFFA access arrangements for those charging fees above £6000. Far from being greedy or profiteering, as panicking ministers have at times attempted to imply, universities are in fact merely trying to keep their budgets on an even keel. “Exceptional Circumstances” Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg and Universities Minister David Willetts have come under particularly heavy fire from the media and those in opposition to the scheme, as their insistent claims that universities would only charge above £6000 under “exceptional circumstances” have been completely blown out of the water. A “Toothless Regulator” Many fear that the reason for so many universities boldly going ahead and charging the maximum £9000 tuition fees is the lack of any threat of ramification from “toothless” regulator OFFA, which has imposed a vague scheme of various options for access measures and will not implement targets for university uptake of underprivileged students. Lost Courses Many universities are being forced to axe less vocational courses in the fear that the new breed of consumer-student will be expecting value for money and investing in courses that lead to a more definite employment path after graduation as a result of the enormous rise in tuition fees. With the government threatening to axe unfilled places, keeping unusual and minority courses available is simply not an option for many universities in this new, cutthroat marketplace, where education is suddenly being valued and sold as a commodity. London Metropolitan University alone is to cut its portfolio of courses by an overwhelming two thirds, reducing the overall number of course options from 557 to 160, simply to ensure financial survival when the new tuition fees scheme comes into practice in 2012. Fewer University Places In a desperate bid to control the potential financial disaster created by their miscalculation of average fees, the government has begun to threaten universities with the prospect of axed university places in order to reduce the burden of student loan lending. Higher Loan Repayment Interest The government will also cash in on extra interest being added to student loans from 2012, with interest set several percentage points higher than the current rate which increases only with inflation. Whilst they have trumpeted longer repayment periods as a great advantage of the new scheme, this will in fact result in some graduates paying back up to £85,000 in cash terms. Average Tuition Fee Disagreements There has been some criticism from both sides of the argument on the figures being cited for the average tuition fees. Protesters to the higher tuition fees argue that if the average fee were calculated by adding up the cost of each individual place the figure would be even higher, as most of the highest charging universities have a greater number of places than those offering lower fees. The government, on the other hand, hope to give powers for granting degrees to Further Education Colleges where students currently study for courses like the BTEC. These will charge much lower fees than universities, resulting, they say, in lower average fees. They also claim that once scholarships and bursaries are taken into account, the average fee actually paid by a student will be brought down below the average full price tuition fee, easing the burden on state funded student loans. Impact On Access Heavy opposition has been voiced to the new tuition fees scheme since its initial announcement, with enormous protests and marches of half a million people taking place to raise awareness of concerns. Many of these centre on the impact the new fees will have on fair access to university for students from poorer backgrounds and state schools. It is generally acknowledged that the trebling of tuition fees will introduce a formidable “psychological barrier” to applicants from lower income households, in spite of government protestations that fees will only be repaid after graduate employment is achieved and an annual salary of £21,000 is being earned. Campaigners are particularly concerned about the double impact of the raising of tuition fees coinciding with the government’s decision to axe vital programs for access to education such as the Aim Higher scheme and the Education Maintenance Allowance. Although universities will outline scholarship and bursary schemes as part of their higher fees packages, one such proposal from Bristol University lists the very lowest fee reduction, for pupils from households of income below £15,000 resulting in annual tuition costs of £3500, still higher than the current level of tuition fees. Future Effects We will have to wait until students have chosen their university places in 2012 before the first solid conclusions may be drawn about the social, economic and academic impact of the new tuition fees system. However, fears are high that the trebled prices and the creation of ‘budget degrees’ at further education colleges is likely to result in a two-tier, economically driven higher education system reminiscent of the old university-polytechnic divide. There is a strong possibility that many universities may become bankrupt or fail to offer arts-based and non-vocational courses altogether, whilst protesters fear we may see a drastic drop in the percentages of students from the most disadvantaged backgrounds taking up places at university at all. Most tragic of all, experts have warned that should graduate income vary by as little as 3% from the government’s calculated projections, the entire scheme will fail to make any material financial difference anyway, rendering the entire project completely unnecessary.

Machiavelli vs. Castiglione Essay - 1533 Words

Ideas on the same topic always seem to differ from person to person. This holds true to the ideas of Machiavelli and Castiglione. The Prince, written by Machiavelli, and The Courtier, written by Castiglione, are both somewhat how-to guides for nobility, royalty, and princes. However, there are many distinct differences among the ideas of Castiglione and Machiavelli. Castigliones philosophy leads down the path of a well-rounded person; a more peaceful manner. Machiavellis philosophy is more straightforward and violent, where you should do anything and everything you have to do in order to achieve your goal. Both books and figures were of great importance to society. Machiavellis philosophy was that The end justifies the means. This†¦show more content†¦He discusses that the prince have military knowledge, love and fear, trustworthiness, and good and bad reputations. He deeply believes in the art of war. ...a prince must not have any objective nor any thought, nor take up any art, other than the art of war and its ordering and discipline; because it is the only art that pertains to him who commands. And it is of such virtue that not only does it maintain those who were born princes, but many times makes men rise to that rank from private station; and conversely one sees that when princes have thought more of delicacies than of arms, they have lost their state. He also writes about whether it is better to be loved or feared, stating that it is best to be feared, but not hated. Love can change in an instant, and it is better to always have control, even if the prince must be feared. Patriotism and dedication to the state was also a very im portant aspect. In conclusion, Machiavelli strived for power and strength by any means possible. Through violence and fear, the end result would be worth it to him. Castiglione approached manners in a much different way. Castiglione believed in someone who was strong and perfect. He should be able to skillful in handling weapons and horses, for the art of war. And therefore will I have him to be of good

Servant Leadership Is My Credo By Robert K. Greenleaf

Introduction Servant leadership is my credo. Robert K. Greenleaf defines a servant leader as a â€Å"servant first†-to focus first on the needs of others, especially the team before one considers one’s own needs. I acknowledge others perspectives; give support they need to meet their work and their personal goals by involving them in the decision-making, and building a sense of community. I believe my leadership philosophy leads to higher engagement, and stronger relationships with team members and other people. As a leader, my first duty is to serve those under my command. My task is to make their jobs easier. To support my people, I have to understand their problems and challenges in order to address them. Over the course of my career, I†¦show more content†¦According to Greenleaf â€Å"listening builds strength in another people†. So listening is one of the most important qualities of the authentic leader. The second tenant of my leadership philosophy is Empathy. Whereas many people think leadership is about rank, power, and privilege, I believe that a true leader is that who is willing to place others’ needs above one’s own. My success hinges entirely on the people I work with- the people who committed themselves to join me in my vision and my responsibility to see that they are working at their best capacity. For a successful leading of the organization, authentic leader has to understand and share people’s emotions. For me empathy simply means recognizing the emotions in others and being able to put myself in other person’s situation. This is the ability to understand others person’s attitude and reality. To be empathic leader is not easy as it sounds. Although many people can develop new job skills and knowledge through training and experience, but to interact with other people may be difficult. As a leader I have to think beyond myself, and my ow n concerns. When I look at myself and see beyond my own world, then I realize that there is so much to learn and appreciate. Practically, when I interact with people I learn how to be empathic, I learn to be much more caring and approachable and increase interest in what others feel, think and experience.Show MoreRelatedContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pages1989) and Management Accounting: Pathways to Progress (CIMA, 1994), were published during a time of dramatic change in UK management accounting practice. These textbooks contributed to the UK management accounting transformation from the costing clerk credo to strategic management proper. In 1999, he was voted the British Accounting Association Distinguished Academic. His contributions extend outside academe. Bromwich is a past president of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) and

Congressional Reconstruction in the south 1863-1867 Free Essays

The radical reconstruction of 1867-1877, known for some of the most significant changes in American history. The Radical reconstruction was supported by Congress and less popular with President Johnson as if focused on Civil rights issues, something that Johnson chad no interest in. The reconstruction was meant to improve the economy of the devastated south, Politics and social Justice following the American civil war (War of the south). We will write a custom essay sample on Congressional Reconstruction in the south 1863-1867 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It wasn’t until â€Å"March of 1867 when congress adopted the Reconstruction act even though Johnson had vetoed it† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 566), the period of Radical Reconstruction begun, note that Johnson had his own plans for reconstruction. The Radical Reconstruction made several demands such as; voting rights for freed slaves, Radicals to conform to the idea of equality, protection of the Republican Party in the south, keeping old confederate generals from office, increased tariff on good to support state funded programs. Immediate achievements of the Reconstruction act of 1867 were: formation of political organization, â€Å"spread of the Republican Party in southern’ states that were returned o the Union† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 57), which increased the public’s involvement in free public education, orphanages, prisons and homes for the mentally challenged. The ‘Union league’ was one of the achievements during the Reconstruction. Its formation resulted from mass political meetings which included man, woman and children who simply rallied to claim the very rights enjoyed by the white citizens. These meetings were widely attended and produced both male and female speakers such as Frances Ellen Watkins Harper and James D. Lynch. Frances was known â€Å"for her two years’ tour and lectures of ‘Literacy, land and Liberations’†¦ nd James was known for his abilities to draw upon the emotion of his audience† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 573). In 1868-1869 new state constitutions were formed for the first time with the involvement of the public, most of whom were black representatives, this is why the public was given an increased responsibility in politics. With their involvements, aside from schools and others listed above, the new constitutions removed practices such as; â€Å"whipping for punishments, property qualifications for officeholders, and imprisonment for debt† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 573). Other political achievements included an increased number of African Americans who now held public office (estimated 2,000), â€Å"South Carolina was the only state at this time in which African Americans made up the mass of the legislature† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 574). this is simply because the population was â€Å"60% blacks† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 574) in South Carolina at this time. Finally African Americans held a seat in every level of Government though there were only two blacks who served the U. S. Senate during this period. Hiram from North Carolina and Blanche K. Bruce from. Hiram was born free, received an education, served in the Union Army and became the first â€Å"Black Senator in American history’ (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 574). Blanche unlike Hiram was a former slave. (No addition information mentioned by Foner about Blanche). Though only for a short period the first Black and his mother a freed slave, the second black governor was not elected until â€Å"1989†. Though most blacks who held public offices gained ranks via serving the Union army, some black were born free in the north and received a proper education like Jonathan J. Wright who served on the South Carolina Supreme Court. Among many prominent black officials, Robert Smalls, â€Å"a slave who secretly guided a vessel called the Planter, through enemy waters and delivered it to the Union’s Army’ (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 574)? Smalls gained his fame for this single act and later was elected as a political leader in South Carolina and was eventually elected to congress for five terms. Economically, some gained from during the Reconstruction, namely the ‘Carpetbaggers and the Scalawags’. Carpetbaggers were from the north, some simply came to the south for politics and many were Union soldiers who remained in the outh for lands and other economic advantages. Some remained for support in rebuilding and education the south by becoming teachers. Scalawags, a name given to Whites in the south who never owned slaves and now supported the Republicans to keep confederated officers out of office. Other economical advances were the suspension of debt collection and protection for property owners from loan sharks. Thus far the public school education provided by the state stood above all as an achievement during the Reconstruction. Most schools were segregated with the exception of â€Å"New Orleans, were public schools were integrated†¦ nd only South Carolina did the state university admitted black students† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 575). By 1870 more than half the white and black population attended public school (One may note Booker T Washington’s â€Å"Keep me separated but equal†). Change in office from prewar leaders to newer governments, laws were passed to end racial discrimination from service providers such as railroads and hotels, though this was not enforced equally from region to region, it was one of the first steps towards standardizing what we now call equal citizenship for all. Republican government stablished the ‘State land Commission’ made attempts to improve the South’s economic situations by allowing labors/farmers to claim their crops before the land owners and merchants. This was an issue since, farmers often owed the land owners and would regularly part with their crops for less than its worth. Officials believed that establishing railroads were key to improving the South’s economy, they believed that this will make way for factories, towns and a variety for agricultural developments. This idea was not very successful since most Northern companies had their attentions turned to the West instead of the devastated South. Due to the failure to improve the South’s economy, the economic status of most freedman remained the same. With this failed attempt came a change in government, a ‘biracial democratic government’ was introduced to Americans. With this came the â€Å"overthrow of the reconstruction† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 575), many in the south were against the new form of government and called it corrupt and ineffective. Though corruption existed before, its aims now differ, some states were stained with â€Å"bribery, insider deals and get rich atmospheres† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 576). These practices soon nded due to increased taxes to support public funded services such as schools and construction of railroads. Raising of taxes backfired since it caused poor whites in the south to end their support for the Republican Government since they saw that their whites in the south who found it difficult to accept freed slaves as their equals and allowing them to hold offices and voting. Southern radicals who still dreams of the (golden age of the South) now sought to obstruct the reconstruction by violence, by now they not on questioned the policies of the reconstruction, they believed that they ust end the republican rule and had a disbelieve in the federal government. This movement became known as the â€Å"reign of terror† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 576). , giving rise to individual hate crimes on road sides against black who would not step aside for whites. These hate crimes would late become more organized and led to the formation of cults such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) which serves as a â€Å"military arm for the Democratic party in the south† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 577). Thought the main target for the KKK were predominantly blacks/ freed slaves; Foner claims that the KKK often assaulted white members of the Republicans, artime Unionist, office holders and teachers from the north. These acts of terrorism were carried out by conservative whites in the south who preferred the olden ways. KKK activities alarmed southern government following the attack on a small town in â€Å"Colfax, Louisiana in 1873; armed whited assaulted the town with small cannons† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 578). Due to these circumstances, Washington approved the use of federal troops to subdue all terrorist activities, this which ultimately led to the federal government to expand its authority throughout the south. Troops shortly deployed to apprehend anyone associate with the KKK, many ere arrested and many fled. These affirmative actions in 1872 towards the KKK caused the clan o disband and eventually dissolved completely granting the South genuine peace. Another contributing reasons for the failure of the reconstruction goes to the reappearance of racism in the North. Many believed that enough was done, blacks were now free and given voting rights and that was enough. With all the emphasis on the KKK, other political ploys were formed in the north simultaneously. The Liberal Republicans were formed, electing the â€Å"editor of the New York Tribute for president† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 579). Being that there was now division amongst Republicans, Democrats made Greeley their candidate for president in the election of 1874. This was done with hopes of returning the Democrats to power but failed since most voters simple refrained from voting, resulting in a landslide victory for Grant in 1874. Reconstruction was still not in the clear, in fact things had gotten worse, Journalist, James S. Pike, published â€Å"the Prostate States† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 578), which blamed the corruptions of the Southern states on black who held office, blacks were depicted as less than humans and animalistic instead. This contributed o the rebirth of racism and the rise of the Democrats again. With Democrats dominating congress, the; old ones enacted a final piece of Reconstruction legislation, The Civil Rights act of 1785†¦ utlawing racial discrimination† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 580), though this was not upheld by the Supreme Court. In following years, Democrats would rise up and take control of few strategic southern states. These stated began calling themselves the â€Å"redeemed† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 581), referring to the act of returning their rightful white leaders back to office. Unlike the KKK who operated at night, armed individuals in the se ‘redeemed’ ctions were taken to combat these attacks which played a major role in the election of 1877. In the so called redeemed states, ballet boxes were destroyed and freed slaves/republicans were turned away from voting by armed southern Democrats which consequently led the victory of the Democrats and Rutherford B. Hayes as president. Though one of the most controversial elections of the 19th century, Republicans submitted after attempting to secure a promise from Hayes that he will uphold the rights for all. This marked the end of the Reconstruction in 1877, though it continued, allowed many blacks to vote and hold office. Reconstruction would not come up again â€Å"until the Civil Rights movement in the 1950’s to 1960’s† (Foner, Give Me Liberty, II 582). Thought many would consider the Reconstruction of 1967-1877 a failure, it did prepare a foundation for the Civil Rights movement which occurred in 1950, it was the first attempt of many to meet the promise of the nation in which everyone was truly given an opportunity. The Reconstruction also illustrates the evils of politics and how one man’s neglect towards his duties can affect a nation, this referring to Grant turning a blind eye to the attacks in 1875. How to cite Congressional Reconstruction in the south 1863-1867, Papers

Analyse the openings of the two film versions of Lord of the Flies Essay Example For Students

Analyse the openings of the two film versions of Lord of the Flies Essay William Golding wrote Lord of the Flies. The first publication was made in 1954, nine years after the end of the Second World War. Golding raises the issues of power, civilisation and leadership. Peter Brook and Harry Hook filmed the two film versions of Lord of the Flies I am comparing in 1963 and 1994 respectively. Peter Brookquot;s version was filmed in black and white and Harry Hookquot;s version was filmed in colour. The openings used in both versions were very dramatic. They both gave us the gist of what had happened straight away. In my opinion, the opening to Brookquot;s version was the most effective because of the still scenes of back home where the boys came from. It led up to the plane crash and told a brief story in pictures to involve the audience into the film. The opening leaves the audience wanting to find out just how the boys are going to cope, stranded on a desert island, with no adult life or other civilisation to be found. Brook did extremely well in creating the filmed version of Lord of the Flies, as there wasnquot;t a wide range of special effects available at the time. However, these were available at the time of Hookquot;s version of the bestseller creating a tenser atmosphere for the audience. Due to these differences, both directors establish the opening sequence of Lord of the Flies differently. The two film versions, as well as the book, have very effective openings. Golding wanted to show people how a group of boys would act when deserted on an uninhabited island. The opening sequence of Peter Brookquot;s version is very effective. This is due to the stills of the boysquot; home. It starts with a still of the school building and the camera closing in on it. We canquot;t tell it is a school until the bell tolls signalling the beginning of the school day and the banter of the classroom are heard. This is blended in as the tolling of the bell fades. The next still is of a group of children in a classroom after the still of the school has dissolved. This creates a good effect as one picture dissolves yet the sequence doesnquot;t stop, as another picture is backing it up. The sound effects also dissolve, as when one fades, another starts creating the same effect as the stills. It is also effective because the sound effect corresponds with the picture even though it is a still and the camera isnquot;t rolling film. The sound effect in this still is of a teacher teaching his class Latin. This still then dissolves along with the sound effect to reveal the whole school in the dining hall. The sound effect is of cutlery clashing together and upbeat chat with a few of the children laughing. The next still is of the choir stall and the sound effect is of them singing. The camera pans down the stall. The audience get an inclination that the choir members are featured in the film. When the camera reaches the end of the stall, the credits appear on screen. This is when the film title appears on the screen and as it appears, the song by the choir finishes at a climax. The title is arranged in capital and small letters, for example, LORD of the FLIES. This emphasises the main words in the title and it stands out more. When the screen fades to black, more stills are involved in the opening sequence with a man sat in a deck chair watching a cricket match. The sound effects in this set of stills donquot;t correspond to the pictures. In this still, the sound effects involved carry on all the way until the end of this sequence. There is a gentle drumbeat that keeps the audience in suspense as they feel that something is about to happen. The camera then switches to missiles; this shows the contrast between civilisation and evil. In this case the evil is representing war as the novel is set in the era of the Second World War. The drumbeat constantly increases along with the tension in the audience. The next still is of warplanes flying past the Houses of Parliament and Big Ben. Instead of the stills dissolving, the director uses simple cuts to change from one still to the next. The next still is of the boys from the school arranged in a group with an evacuation schedule behind them. This still adds to the story made in the audiencequot;s heads and gives them more information as to what is happening so far. At the same time, the camera closes in on a young boy who is holding a picture of an aeroplane; this shows that the evacuates are being moved to presumably a different country. The following still is of the plane in the sky showing that the group of boys are on their way to safety, or so the audience thinks. The next still is of the sky. This is significant because at the moment all is calm, then terror strikes. This happens later in the film, as at the beginning all is calm, and then all of a sudden a group of boys break free from the group causing great terror. A map of the world is then shown with the drumbeat constantly getting tenser and more rapid. The map shows the destination in which the boys are heading. As the drumbeat reaches a climax, the stills are exchanging between the plane wing and a fighter plane quickly. All of a sudden, to the audiencequot;s probable assumptions, there is an explosion leaving a still of the plane in the sea with a desert island behind it. The screen then fades to black, leading to the first dialogue of the film between Ralph and Piggy. However, the coloured version starts with a blue background, and to the audiencequot;s surprise, a man sinks down the screen. This shows them that the accident must have already occurred. The camera in this scene is rolling. The camera then moves to below the boy creating a low angle shot; this could be from the point of view of a shark or a fish. The camera is panning around the boysquot; legs and going round in circles to add effect, as the boys are trying to stay afloat. As the start is set underwater, it entices the viewer to ask questions about the start, for example, what has happened? Because of this, the viewer wants to keep watching to find out what has happened. The boy drags the pilot above the water and the camera follows him. The audience now has a view of the water from the boyquot;s point of view and we can see that an accident has happened. There is a lot of hubbub and chaos above the water coming from a group of boys scattered in the ocean, with one of them saying, quot;I canquot;t swim. quot; This confirms that an incident has occurred, as it is highly unusual for a boy to be in the middle of the ocean when he canquot;t swim. The sound effect used in this scene consists of eerie music and the chaos and screams coming from the group of boys in the water. The conventions of alien invasion films EssayIn Peter Brookquot;s version, Piggy is being his polite, usual self and asking people for their names as they arrive onto the beach. This doesnquot;t just benefit Ralph and Piggy, but it also benefits the audience as we learn who the boys are and what they look like. To the viewerquot;s surprise, they can hear the same song they heard at the beginning of the film in the opening sequence by the choir. There is a long shot of a group of boys dressed in black walking down the beach. They stand out due to the contrast between the sand and their clothes. The sand is light and their clothes are all black. All the boys stop talking and watch the choir join into the assembly. Jack tells the choir to halt. We can tell that he is going to be a commanding figure in the story because of his stern voice and his sense of discipline. This is confirmed by a low angle shot of Jack; showing he is powerful and he is looked up to. Simon is a boy who fainted when the boys came to the group. Jack makes accusations that he is faking and is not really bothered about the welfare of Simon. Piggy asks them what their names are. The camera pans along the line of boys, each one telling the audience their name. The fact that they are arranged in a line emphasises their sense of organisation. Ralph tells the whole group Piggyquot;s name when he told him not to. The camera closes in on the reactions of the boys to show the embarrassment of his nickname. Piggy stands next to a tree and the branch is the barrier between him and the boys, which offers him some protection from them when they are mocking him. The boys see him as an outsider because of his weight. No one feels sorry for Piggy, which makes it harder for him because there is no one to comfort him. The camera then cuts to Jack and Ralph side-by-side in the debate for chief of the group. Ralph is seen as the underdog because he is portrayed as being smaller by the camera, and Jack is stood slightly in front of him so it looks as if he is edging Ralph out. However, at the same time, Piggy is still behind the tree showing he is isolated and that his opinion isnquot;t valued. When Ralph is up for chief, he is stood on a branch, which shows that he is higher up making him a more popular choice by the boys for leader because they are looking up at him. There is a close up of Piggy voting for Ralph because he is in two minds of putting his hand up, as he is afraid the group wonquot;t value his opinion. Jack has a disgusted look on his face when not all of the boys in the group vote for him to be leader. Piggy comes out from behind the tree because he wants to be involved. Jack has a look on his face as if he is taking a mental note of who votes for Ralph so that he can get even with them later on in the story. Ralph steps down from the tree when he is voted as leader, which shows that he is really as powerful as Jack, and is now at an equal height to him. There is a high angle shot of the boys when they mock him and his choir for their uniforms. This cuts to a low angle shot of Jack who sticks his dagger into the tree. This is seen by the boys as a threat and so ceases their mocking. This shows the audience that Jack still has power over the boys even thought he hasnquot;t been chosen as leader by the rest of the group. Ralph chooses two others to go with him to explore the island. Piggy is upset when he isnquot;t chosen. The camera pans around the group of boys who wish to be chosen showing how many people have respect for Ralph and want to be his friend. Jack and Simon are the two he chooses. Piggy has words with Ralph after he had told the group he was called Piggy. Ralph replies, quot;Better Piggy than Fatty. quot; At the same time Ralph is stern but considerate and in a way Piggy admires him for it. When Piggy makes his confrontation, it forces Ralph to back-pedal, which shows Piggy in control. The next cut is of Ralph running to catch Jack and Simon up leaving a long shot of the coastline on the island. The race for chief in Hookquot;s version, however, is fairly different to that of Peter Brookquot;s. When the boys assemble, there is only Jack that isnquot;t dressed properly. The uniform worn by the cadets symbolises civilisation, as when we get further into the story, it is Jack that breaks the civilisation on the island by rebelling against Ralph, the chief. He is the only one in the group who isnquot;t dressed properly, which means he could be rebelling against civilisation. The boys are hunting in the forest when the conch is heard. The pig gets away which leaves Jack startled and shocked. We get a good view of his reaction due to the close up by the camera. The boys run to Ralph and the sound of the conch, which makes them look eager to find out what the sound could be, for example, the horn from a ship. The group of boys look to be well disciplined and orderly because they are used to hearing a noise and then reacting straight away due to them being from a military school. There is then a close up of Ralph with the conch showing their connection with each other. Still, only Jack is the one without a shirt on. Ralph tells the boys that they need rules and Piggy backs this point up. A younger member of the group suggests a leader. The group votes for Ralph as he is the higher ranked of him and Jack and the group believe he is an inspired leader. All of the group come together to build a camp and there are close-ups to show the hard graft and determination of the boys. There is also a long shot of Jack being held up which shows he is seen as a cut above the rest. Piggy isnquot;t helping the boys, which makes him look like an outsider. The camera confirms this as it uses a high angle shot, making Piggy look small and helpless. In my opinion, I think that the black and white version of Lord of the Flies has a more effective opening, even thought it was set in an era where technology wasnquot;t that advanced. I think it showed a clear interpretation of what had happened in the opening sequence with just the stills. It told the audience exactly what had happened in a series of pictures. Harry Hookquot;s version is also impressive, however, Brooksquot; stands out more. I think the key points are shown more clearly, for example, the contrast between the sizes of Jack and Ralph when theyquot;re put forward to the vote for chief.